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Water resources transfers through Chinese interprovincial and foreign food trade

机译:通过中国省际和国外食品贸易进行水资源转移

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摘要

China’s water resources are under increasing pressure from socioeconomic development, diet shifts, and climate change. Agriculture still concentrates most of the national water withdrawal. Moreover, a spatial mismatch in water and arable land availability—with abundant agricultural land and little water resources in the north—increases water scarcity and results in virtual water transfers from drier to wetter regions through agricultural trade. We use a general equilibrium welfare model and linear programming optimization to model interprovincial food trade in China. We combine these trade flows with province-level estimates of commodities’ virtual water content to build China’s domestic and foreign virtual water trade network. We observe large variations in agricultural water-use efficiency among provinces. In addition, some provinces particularly rely on irrigation vs. rainwater. We analyze the virtual water flow patterns and the corresponding water savings. We find that this interprovincial network is highly connected and the flow distribution is relatively homogeneous. A significant share of water flows is from international imports (20%), which are dominated by soy (93%). We find that China’s domestic food trade is efficient in terms of rainwater but inefficient regarding irrigation, meaning that dry, irrigation-intensive provinces tend to export to wetter, less irrigation-intensive ones. Importantly, when incorporating foreign imports, China’s soy trade switches from an inefficient system to a particularly efficient one for saving water resources (20 km3/y irrigation water savings, 41 km3/y total). Finally, we identify specific provinces (e.g., Inner Mongolia) and products (e.g., corn) that show high potential for irrigation productivity improvements.
机译:社会经济发展,饮食变化和气候变化给中国的水资源带来越来越大的压力。农业仍然集中了全国大部分的取水量。此外,水资源和耕地可用性的空间失配(北部农业土地丰富,水资源匮乏)加剧了水资源短缺,并导致通过农业贸易从较干燥的地区向较湿的地区转移的虚拟水量。我们使用一般均衡福利模型和线性规划优化模型对中国省际食品贸易进行建模。我们将这些贸易流量与省一级对商品虚拟水含量的估算结合起来,以建立中国的国内外虚拟水贸易网络。我们观察到各省之间农业用水效率的巨大差异。此外,有些省份特别依靠灌溉和雨水。我们分析了虚拟水流模式和相应的节水量。我们发现该省际网络高度连接,流量分配相对均匀。水的很大一部分来自国际进口(20%),其中大豆占主导(93%)。我们发现,中国的国内食品贸易在雨水方面是有效的,但在灌溉方面却是低效率的,这意味着干旱,灌溉密集型省份倾向于向潮湿,灌溉强度较低的省份出口。重要的是,当纳入国外进口时,中国的大豆贸易已从效率低下的系统转换为节省水资源的特别有效的系统(每年节省20 km3的灌溉水,每年总计41 km3)。最后,我们确定了在提高灌溉生产力方面具有巨大潜力的特定省份(例如内蒙古)和产品(例如玉米)。

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